پیگیری سرمایه‌گذاری املاک و مستغلات

; ============================================================
; Property Asset Accounts
; ============================================================
 
; The property commodity — 1 unit purchased at cost basis
1970-01-01 open Assets:RealEstate:Property
; Contra-asset: accumulated depreciation reduces building value on balance sheet
; Note: Land ($80K, 20%) is non-depreciable; Building ($320K, 80%) is depreciated
1970-01-01 open Assets:RealEstate:AccumDepreciation
; Capital improvements added to basis
1970-01-01 open Assets:RealEstate:CapitalImprovements
 
; ============================================================
; Bank Accounts
; ============================================================
 
1970-01-01 open Assets:Bank:Checking
1970-01-01 open Assets:Bank:Savings
; Escrow impound: monthly contributions for property tax & insurance
1970-01-01 open Assets:Bank:EscrowImpound
 
; ============================================================
; Liability Accounts
; ============================================================
 
; 30-year fixed mortgage at 7.0% APR
1970-01-01 open Liabilities:Mortgage
; Tenant security deposit — not income until forfeited
1970-01-01 open Liabilities:SecurityDeposit
 
; ============================================================
; Income Accounts
; ============================================================
 
1970-01-01 open Income:RealEstate:Rent
1970-01-01 open Income:RealEstate:CapitalGains:LongTerm
1970-01-01 open Income:RealEstate:DepreciationRecapture
 
; ============================================================
; Expense Accounts
; ============================================================
 
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:MortgageInterest
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:LoanOrigination
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:PropertyTax
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:Insurance
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:PropertyManagement
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:Repairs
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:Maintenance
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:Depreciation
; Buyer-side closing costs (purchase only). There is deliberately no
; SellingCosts expense account: costs of sale reduce the amount realized
; at closing instead — see Property Disposition below.
1970-01-01 open Expenses:RealEstate:ClosingCosts

1970-01-01 commodity PROP123MAIN
  name: "123 Main St, Anytown, CA 90210"
  asset-class: "real-estate"
 
1970-01-01 commodity USD

; Down payment — 20% of $400,000
2024-03-15 * "Escrow" "Down payment — 20% of $400,000"
  Assets:RealEstate:Property           1 PROP123MAIN {400,000.00 USD, 2024-03-15}
  Assets:Bank:Checking              -80,000.00 USD
  Liabilities:Mortgage             -320,000.00 USD

2024-03-15 * "Lender" "Loan origination fee — 1% of $320,000"
  Expenses:RealEstate:LoanOrigination   3,200.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                 -3,200.00 USD
 
2024-03-15 * "Title company" "Title insurance, escrow fees, recording"
  Expenses:RealEstate:ClosingCosts      2,800.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                 -2,800.00 USD
 
2024-03-15 * "Appraiser" "Property appraisal"
  Expenses:RealEstate:ClosingCosts        450.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                   -450.00 USD

; Land / building cost allocation (from county assessor):
; County assessor shows 20% land ($80K) / 80% building ($320K).
; Only the building portion ($320K) is depreciated — see depreciation section.
; Source: County Assessor parcel record, assessed 2024-01-01

; Initial escrow: 3 months property tax + 1 year insurance prepaid
; Property tax: ~$5,000/yr → $416.67/mo × 3 = $1,250.00
; Insurance: ~$1,800/yr prepaid
2024-03-15 * "Escrow" "Initial escrow impound — property tax (3 mo) + insurance (1 yr)"
  Assets:Bank:EscrowImpound              1,250.00 USD
  Expenses:RealEstate:Insurance          1,800.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                  -3,050.00 USD

; 30-year fixed: $320,000 at 7.0% APR
; Monthly P&I: $2,129.06
; Monthly escrow: $566.67 ($416.67 tax + $150.00 insurance)
; Total payment: $2,695.73
 
; Month 1: Interest = $320,000.00 × 0.07 / 12 = $1,866.67
2024-04-01 * "Bank" "Mortgage payment — April 2024"
  Expenses:RealEstate:MortgageInterest    1,866.67 USD
  Liabilities:Mortgage                      262.39 USD
  Assets:Bank:EscrowImpound                 566.67 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                   -2,695.73 USD
 
; Month 2: Interest = ($320,000.00 - $262.39) × 0.07 / 12 = $1,865.14
2024-05-01 * "Bank" "Mortgage payment — May 2024"
  Expenses:RealEstate:MortgageInterest    1,865.14 USD
  Liabilities:Mortgage                      263.92 USD
  Assets:Bank:EscrowImpound                 566.67 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                   -2,695.73 USD

; Semi-annual property tax disbursement
2024-09-15 * "County tax collector" "Property tax — first installment"
  Expenses:RealEstate:PropertyTax    2,500.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:EscrowImpound        -2,500.00 USD
 
; Annual insurance renewal
2025-03-15 * "Insurance company" "Homeowner insurance renewal — year 2"
  Expenses:RealEstate:Insurance      1,850.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:EscrowImpound        -1,850.00 USD

; Rent: $2,400/mo, PM fee: 8% = $192
; Net to owner: $2,208
 
2024-04-01 * "Tenant" "April 2024 rent"
  Assets:Bank:Checking                    2,208.00 USD
  Expenses:RealEstate:PropertyManagement    192.00 USD
  Income:RealEstate:Rent                 -2,400.00 USD

; Receive deposit — creates liability
2024-03-20 * "Tenant" "Security deposit — 1 month rent"
  Assets:Bank:Checking                    2,400.00 USD
  Liabilities:SecurityDeposit           -2,400.00 USD
 
; Return deposit — eliminates liability
2025-11-01 * "Tenant" "Return security deposit — lease ended"
  Liabilities:SecurityDeposit            2,400.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                  -2,400.00 USD

; 2025 rent increase: $2,400 → $2,500/mo
; New PM fee: 8% × $2,500 = $200
2025-01-01 * "Tenant" "January 2025 rent (increased to $2,500)"
  Assets:Bank:Checking                    2,300.00 USD
  Expenses:RealEstate:PropertyManagement    200.00 USD
  Income:RealEstate:Rent                 -2,500.00 USD

; Building cost: $320,000 (80% of purchase price)
; Monthly depreciation: $320,000 / 27.5 / 12 = $969.70
; Half-month: $484.85
 
; First month — half-month (placed in service 3/15)
2024-03-31 * "Depreciation" "March 2024 — half-month (placed in service)"
  Expenses:RealEstate:Depreciation          484.85 USD
  Assets:RealEstate:AccumDepreciation      -484.85 USD
 
; Full months
2024-04-30 * "Depreciation" "April 2024"
  Expenses:RealEstate:Depreciation          969.70 USD
  Assets:RealEstate:AccumDepreciation      -969.70 USD
 
2024-05-31 * "Depreciation" "May 2024"
  Expenses:RealEstate:Depreciation          969.70 USD
  Assets:RealEstate:AccumDepreciation      -969.70 USD

2024-05-18 * "HVAC Pro" "A/C repair — replaced capacitor"
  Expenses:RealEstate:Repairs             285.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                   -285.00 USD
 
2024-06-10 * "Joe's Plumbing" "Fix leaking kitchen faucet"
  Expenses:RealEstate:Repairs             180.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                   -180.00 USD

2024-08-12 * "Home Depot" "Replace water heater — 50 gal gas"
  Assets:RealEstate:CapitalImprovements  1,800.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                  -1,800.00 USD
 
2024-10-05 * "Lowe's" "New kitchen appliances — stove + dishwasher"
  Assets:RealEstate:CapitalImprovements  4,200.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                  -4,200.00 USD

; === Gain Calculation ===
;
; Purchase price:              $400,000.00
; + Capital improvements:      +  6,000.00
; - Accumulated depreciation:  - 19,394.00
; = Adjusted basis:            $386,606.00
;
; Sale price:                  $435,000.00
; - Selling costs (6%):        - 26,100.00 (itemized in the closing statement below)
; = Net proceeds:              $408,900.00
;
; Total gain:                  $ 22,294.00 (net proceeds - adjusted basis)
;   Depreciation recapture:    $ 19,394.00 (unrecaptured §1250 gain — taxed at max 25%)
;   Long-term capital gain:    $  2,900.00 (taxed at LTCG rates)

; === Closing Statement ===
;
; Contract price:              $435,000.00
; - Sales commission (5%):     - 21,750.00
; - Seller closing costs (1%): -  4,350.00
; = Net proceeds:              $408,900.00
; - Mortgage payoff:           -314,744.09
; = Cash wired to seller:      $ 94,155.91

; Mortgage payoff — remaining principal per the lender's payoff quote
2025-11-15 * "Bank" "Mortgage payoff at closing"
  Liabilities:Mortgage                  314,744.09 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                 -314,744.09 USD
 
; Dispose property and recognize gain — the cash posting is net of the
; $26,100.00 selling costs, which reduce the amount realized at closing
2025-11-15 * "Sale" "Dispose property — recognize gain"
  Assets:RealEstate:Property              -1 PROP123MAIN {400,000.00 USD, 2024-03-15}
  Assets:RealEstate:CapitalImprovements   -6,000.00 USD
  Assets:RealEstate:AccumDepreciation     19,394.00 USD
  Assets:Bank:Checking                   408,900.00 USD
  Income:RealEstate:DepreciationRecapture -19,394.00 USD
  Income:RealEstate:CapitalGains:LongTerm  -2,900.00 USD

2024-03-15 price PROP123MAIN  400,000.00 USD
2024-06-30 price PROP123MAIN  405,000.00 USD
2024-09-30 price PROP123MAIN  412,000.00 USD
2024-12-31 price PROP123MAIN  418,000.00 USD
2025-03-31 price PROP123MAIN  425,000.00 USD
2025-06-30 price PROP123MAIN  430,000.00 USD

SELECT account, sum(position) as total
WHERE account ~ "Income:RealEstate" OR account ~ "Expenses:RealEstate"
GROUP BY account
ORDER BY total;

-- Monthly net cash flow from property
SELECT year(date), month(date), sum(position) as net_flow
WHERE account ~ "Assets:Bank:Checking"
  AND (narration ~ "rent" OR narration ~ "Mortgage" OR narration ~ "repair")
GROUP BY year(date), month(date)
ORDER BY year(date), month(date);

2025-01-01 balance Assets:RealEstate:Property    1 PROP123MAIN
2025-01-01 balance Assets:RealEstate:CapitalImprovements  6,000.00 USD
2025-01-01 balance Assets:RealEstate:AccumDepreciation   -9,212.15 USD
2025-01-01 balance Liabilities:SecurityDeposit           -2,400.00 USD