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Plain-text accounting insights, tutorials, and updates from the Beancount.io team.

The Four Types of Audit Opinions, Explained: What Qualified, Adverse, and Disclaimer Actually Mean

An auditor issues one of four opinions — unqualified, qualified, adverse, or disclaimer — decided by two questions: whether the problem is a GAAP departure or a scope limitation, and whether it is material but confined or material and pervasive. This guide maps that grid, explains why a going-concern paragraph is not a qualification, and lists the bookkeeping habits that keep an opinion clean.

Fighting an Unemployment Claim: An Employer's Guide to Protests, Misconduct, and the Appeal Hearing

Employers usually have 10 to 21 days to respond to an unemployment claim notice, and an unanswered claim raises SUTA experience rates for years — a two-point increase on $800,000 of taxable payroll costs about $16,000 a year. This guide covers how benefit charges hit payroll taxes, when protesting is worth it, why misconduct excludes poor performance, the documentation that wins telephone hearings, and the appeal ladder above them.

After the DMEPOS Freeze: What the 2026 CMS Fraud Crackdown Means for Your Medical Supply Business

CMS froze new DMEPOS Medicare enrollment from February 27 to August 27, 2026, barred 11 suppliers tied to $3.4 billion in suspected fraudulent billing, and suspended $5.7 billion in Medicare payments during 2025. Here is what actually changed for legitimate medical supply businesses and the seven billing and bookkeeping controls that keep claims paid and supplier numbers intact.

Dim Sum Restaurant Bookkeeping: Carts, Tea Charges, and High-Volume Low-Ticket Margins

A per-person tea charge is a service charge, not a tip — it is taxable revenue, and any share paid to staff is wages subject to withholding. This guide covers dim sum bookkeeping specifics: cart versus order-sheet labor tracking, prime cost at or below 60–65 percent, food cost of 28–33 percent, weekend labor per cover, and the cash controls a stamp-card room needs.

The $25 Business Gift Rule: What You Can Deduct, and Why Employee Gift Cards Are Wages

Federal law caps the business-gift deduction at $25 per recipient per year — a limit unchanged since 1962 — while incidental shipping, wrapping, and $4-or-less branded items sit outside it. Employee gifts follow different rules: gift cards and cash equivalents are always taxable wages, and only small, infrequent tangible items qualify as de minimis fringe benefits.

Why Your Business Emails Land in Spam (and How SPF, DKIM, and DMARC Fix It)

Gmail, Yahoo, and Outlook filter mail from domains without SPF, DKIM, and DMARC, and bulk senders must also keep spam complaints under 0.3% and offer one-click unsubscribe. Here is what each DNS record proves, how to publish all three in about an hour, the seven mistakes that keep small-business invoices in spam, and why unread invoices show up in your receivables.

Brazil's Dual-VAT Reform Is Quietly Pushing Small Businesses Out of Simples Nacional: A B2B Seller's Guide to the New IBS/CBS Credit Chain

Brazil's IBS/CBS dual VAT replaces five consumption taxes, and a Simples Nacional supplier now passes on a smaller input credit than a regular-regime competitor quoting the same price. A guide to the September 30 and November 1, 2026 deadlines, the 2027 end of cash-basis Simples, and what the credit chain changes in B2B pricing and bookkeeping.