#financial-ratios
Key financial ratios like ROA, ROE, and profitability metrics for measuring business performance
A practical walkthrough of the cash conversion cycle (DIO + DSO − DPO) for small businesses — how to calculate each component, what counts as a healthy CCC by industry, and the order to pull the three levers that free trapped working capital without breaking supplier or customer relationships.
Two businesses with identical revenue and operating income can react very differently to the same 10% sales decline. This guide explains the three DOL formulas, walks through a worked SaaS example, identifies which industries carry the highest operating leverage, and lays out a five-step stress test for your own cost structure.
A practical guide to DuPont Analysis — how to split return on equity into net margin, asset turnover, and the equity multiplier (3-step), or further into tax and interest burdens (5-step), with worked examples, trade-offs, and the pitfalls that catch people who apply it mechanically.
A 50% markup is a 33.3% margin, not a 50% margin — markup divides profit by cost, margin divides it by selling price. This guide gives the conversion formulas, a reference table, and shows how the mix-up quietly costs small businesses thousands.
A 2026 reference for SaaS founders on calculating MRR and ARR, decomposing the five-bucket recurring-revenue waterfall, interpreting NRR/GRR, and reconciling subscription metrics to GAAP revenue under ASC 606.
The Rule of 40 says a healthy SaaS company's revenue growth rate plus profit margin should clear 40%. This guide covers how to calculate it, which margin metric to use, 2026 benchmarks (median score around 12%), the Rule of X variant, and when the rule does not apply.
Loan covenants—DSCR, fixed charge coverage, tangible net worth, and leverage limits—can put a small business borrower in default while every payment is current. A practical breakdown of affirmative, negative, and financial covenants, cure periods, waiver requests, and what to negotiate before signing a credit agreement.
AR Days (DSO) measures how long it takes to collect on credit sales. A practical guide to the formula, industry benchmarks from 1–5 days for retail to 70–120 days for construction, common calculation errors, and seven tactics that reduce collection time.
Days Payable Outstanding measures the average number of days a company takes to pay suppliers. This guide covers the DPO formula (Average AP ÷ COGS × Days), industry benchmarks from 15 to 70 days, the 37% annualized return from 2/10 net 30 discounts, and seven strategies to optimize payment cycles without damaging vendor relationships.
The sales-to-AR ratio measures the share of revenue stuck in unpaid invoices. This guide explains how to calculate it, what good looks like by industry, and how to drive it down within one or two quarters.
Days Sales Outstanding measures the average days it takes to collect on credit sales. This guide covers the DSO formula, 2026 industry benchmarks from 7 to 90 days, and concrete tactics to shorten the cash collection cycle.
Days Sales Outstanding measures the average days between a credit sale and cash collected. This guide covers the DSO formula, industry benchmarks (30-45 days is typical, single digits for e-commerce, 60-90 for construction), common miscalculations, and seven practical levers to lower it.
