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Governmental accounting, GASB, and public-sector financial reporting

Volunteer Firefighter and EMT Taxes: Stipends, Per-Call Pay, Property-Tax Breaks, and LOSAP Awards

Volunteer firefighters and EMTs are usually employees for federal tax purposes, so stipends and per-call pay are W-2 wages. Section 139B excludes up to $50 for each month of service ($600 a year) plus qualified state and local tax benefits; LOSAP awards accrue tax-deferred under an $8,000 cap for 2026 and are taxed as ordinary income on payout with no FICA; only accountable-plan reimbursements stay off the W-2.

Turned Down for a Bank Loan? Your State Might Guarantee It Through SSBCI

The State Small Business Credit Initiative routes nearly $10 billion in federal money into state loan guarantee, collateral support, loan participation, capital access and venture programs delivered through local banks, with a $20 million loan cap and a 750-employee ceiling. This guide covers who qualifies, how SSBCI differs from SBA 7(a), the no-stacking rule, and the five steps to get a participating lender to enroll your loan.

When Your Subsidy Check Follows Attendance, Not Enrollment: A Daycare Owner's Guide to the 2026 CCDF Flexibility Rule

HHS's May 12, 2026 final rule restoring CCDF flexibility rescinded four 2024 mandates — the 7% co-payment cap, grants-or-contracts set-aside, prospective payment, and enrollment-based billing — effective July 13, 2026. Learn what attendance-based reimbursement means for daycare cash flow, how the 85% and five-day absence thresholds work, and which bookkeeping habits keep subsidy revenue predictable.