#equity
Understanding owner equity, retained earnings, and shareholders equity on the balance sheet
Section 721 defers tax on the ~20% sellers roll into a PE buyout — but junior securities, leverage, and weak minority rights can erase the second bite.
Tokenized equity is still equity under the SEC's 2026 guidance — pick your Reg D or Reg A exemption before you mint, and keep one authoritative cap table.
Colombia's one-time 2026 wealth tax hits companies with March 1 net equity of COP 10.47B+: 0.5% generally, 1.6% for finance and extractives.
Form 15620 can now be submitted through an IRS Online Account, but the 83(b) election's 30-day deadline still has no routine extension. How the election works, when it pays, how to file online or by certified mail, and the six mistakes that sink it.
FASB's ASU 2025-12 (Issue 10) codifies a third method for retiring repurchased shares — charging the full excess over par value to additional paid-in capital, as long as APIC stays non-negative. Here is how the APIC-only, retained-earnings-only, and allocation methods change the balance-sheet impact of a co-founder buyout, and why the choice matters for loan covenants and dividend capacity before the December 15, 2026 effective date.
How the One Big Beautiful Bill Act rewrote Section 1202 QSBS — a tiered 50/75/100% gain exclusion at three, four, and five years; a $15 million per-issuer cap; a $75 million gross asset threshold at issuance; and non-grantor trust stacking that can lift a founder's combined exclusion well past the single-taxpayer limit.
Section 1202 lets founders, early employees, and angel investors exclude up to $15 million of capital gains from federal tax. This guide covers the OBBBA changes, the five eligibility gates, the new 3/4/5-year tiered holding period, Section 1045 rollovers, and stacking strategies that multiply the per-issuer cap across family members and non-grantor trusts.
Section 1361 sets five eligibility rules for S-corporations—domestic incorporation, 100-shareholder cap, eligible shareholders, one class of stock, and entity type. Routine business decisions like uneven distributions or a relocated shareholder can terminate the election; Section 1362(f) offers PLR-based relief that costs $30,000+ in user fees.
A practical guide to DuPont Analysis — how to split return on equity into net margin, asset turnover, and the equity multiplier (3-step), or further into tax and interest burdens (5-step), with worked examples, trade-offs, and the pitfalls that catch people who apply it mechanically.
Opening Balance Equity is the suspense account accounting software creates to keep the balance sheet in balance during migration. Build a supportable opening trial balance, reconcile every account at the cutover date, then journal OBE into Retained Earnings, Owner's Capital, or Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital based on entity type.
Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c) of Regulation D both allow uncapped private placements but differ sharply on marketing and verification. 506(b) bans general solicitation and permits up to 35 sophisticated non-accredited investors on a reasonable-belief standard; 506(c) permits public solicitation but requires reasonable steps to verify every purchaser is accredited. A March 2025 SEC no-action letter lets issuers rely on $200,000+ individual or $1 million+ entity minimum checks as the primary verification step.
Section 83(i) lets qualified employees of qualified private companies defer federal income tax on RSU settlements and NSO exercises for up to five years. The 80 percent grant rule, mandatory escrow, and 30-day election deadline explain why adoption stays in the single digits — and when the election still pays off.
