#disaster-loss
Casualty and disaster loss deductions for federally declared disaster areas, including the Section 165(i) election to claim losses on a prior-year return, Form 4684 reporting, and recordkeeping for IRS substantiation
Business casualty and theft losses skip the $100 and 10%-of-AGI floors, but are capped at adjusted basis, not replacement cost. How to measure the loss, handle insurance timing, and use the Section 165(i) prior-year election.
Public adjusters work for the policyholder, not the insurer, and typically charge 5%–15% of the settlement, with many states capping standard claims near 15%–20% and declared-disaster claims near 10%. This guide covers verifying a license and surety bond, which fee structures to question before signing, and how to book proceeds — claim receivable, gain or loss against net book value, and business-interruption income recognized at settlement.
Parametric insurance pays a pre-agreed amount within days — sometimes hours — once an objective trigger like wind speed, rainfall, or earthquake magnitude is confirmed by third-party data, with no adjuster involved. A guide for small businesses on where it fills gaps traditional coverage misses, the $4.29B U.S. market behind it, and how to evaluate basis risk before buying.
After Tropical Storm Arthur struck Louisiana on June 17, 2026, the IRS postponed federal tax deadlines to November 2, 2026 for Avoyelles, St. Landry, St. Tammany, and Terrebonne Parishes under FEMA declaration 4927-DR. The relief covers returns and estimated payments automatically — but not payroll tax deposits or 1099s — and a Section 165(i) election lets storm-damaged businesses claim casualty losses on last year's return.
The IRS pushed most federal tax deadlines for the May 16, 2025 St. Louis tornado (FEMA DR-4877) to November 3, 2025 — but the Section 165(i) election to deduct disaster losses on a 2024 return stays open until October 15, 2026, and penalty-free retirement withdrawals and SBA loans up to $2 million remain in play for affected businesses.
After Super Typhoon Sinlaku struck Saipan, Tinian, Rota, and the Northern Islands on April 11, 2026 (FEMA declaration DR-4910), the IRS postponed filing and payment deadlines falling between April 11 and November 2, 2026 to November 2 — automatically, for any taxpayer with an address of record in the CNMI. Here's what's covered, the April 27 payroll-deposit cutoff that already passed, and the Section 165(i) election that can put a refund in your hands by October 15.
The IRS postponed tax deadlines to August 20, 2026 for Honolulu, Maui, and Kauai counties after the March 2026 Kona Low storms — but Hawaii's separate Form L-115 state relief closes July 20, and SBA loan deadlines fall on August 13, 2026 (physical damage) and January 7, 2027 (EIDL). Here's who qualifies, what's automatic, and the casualty-loss election that can accelerate a refund.
About 60% of denied business interruption claims trace back to insufficient documentation, not policy exclusions — insurers reconstruct lost income from your P&L statements, tax returns, and payroll records, not from your account of events.
A pre-storm playbook for coastal small businesses — 60 to 90 day cash reserves, geotagged inventory documentation, business interruption policy review, pre-positioned SBA EIDL and Physical Disaster Loan paperwork, and how IRS Section 7508A and Section 165(i) prior-year casualty loss elections work in federally declared disaster zones.
Section 1033 lets non-farm businesses defer gain on property that is destroyed, stolen, or condemned if the proceeds are reinvested in qualifying replacement property within 2, 3, or 4 years. This guide covers the election mechanics on Form 4797, the similar-or-related-in-service-or-use vs. like-kind tests, the carryover-basis recapture trap, and the bookkeeping needed to survive an IRS look-back.
Section 139 lets employers pay employees tax-free aid after a federally declared disaster — no FICA, no W-2 reporting, no 1099, and fully deductible to the employer. The guide covers qualifying expenses, the disaster definition, the documentation that survives an audit, and a worked $54,000 example.
Section 7508A lets the IRS postpone almost any tax-related deadline by up to one year after a federally declared disaster. This guide explains who qualifies as an affected taxpayer, how postponement interacts with Form 4868, what happens to penalties already accruing, and when to elect a prior-year casualty loss under Section 165(i).
