#agriculture
Farm bill, agricultural grants, and farm business bookkeeping for specialty crop and local food producers
How small growers keep books that answer "which crop made money?" — Schedule F expense categories, why cash accounting fits a market garden, the March 1 / January 15 farmer estimated-tax rule, the farm optional method for Social Security credits, and per-enterprise cost allocation by bed-feet and labor hours.
How to build an enterprise budget for a cut-flower farm, calculate true per-stem cost (total planting cost ÷ marketable stems, counting owner labor and 20–40% shrink), compare farmers-market, subscription, wholesale, and u-pick channels by net return per hour, and price mixed bouquets from a costed recipe — plus Schedule F vs. Schedule C rules and seasonal cash-flow practices.
Agrivoltaics can pay a farmer $900–$1,500 per acre in solar lease rent on top of crop and grazing income, each taxed differently. Here is how to book all three streams as separate ledger lines to protect your Schedule F, agricultural assessment, and self-employment-tax boundaries.
Cash rent lands on Schedule E with no self-employment tax, but a crop-share landlord who pays half the inputs and advises the tenant can trip the material-participation test and owe 15.3 percent on Schedule F. How each lease splits yield, price, and input-cost risk, with a worked 160-acre example and the settlement records both landlord and tenant need.
A feed mill's books must separate customer-owned grain from mill-owned inventory, record custom-grind fees as service revenue rather than inflated purchases and sales, cost each batch from ingredient lots through COGS, and make shrink and moisture variances visible — this guide walks through the ownership test, four revenue streams, lot-level inventory records, and a 10-step month-end close.
A cost-accounting framework for greenhouse growers that allocates overhead by square-foot-weeks, splits heating and labor by crop, and tracks shrinkage by cause — so pricing rests on cost per marketable plant, not cost per plant started. Includes a worked example where $240,000 of shared costs over 320,000 square-foot-weeks yields a $0.75 occupancy rate.
USDA's June 2026 final rule lets farm LLCs and S corporations claim one ARC/PLC payment limit per actively engaged owner — up to $164,000 per person for 2026 — but only if entity structure, per-member contributions, and farm/non-farm income splits are documented with FSA by September 15, 2026. Here's the bookkeeping that proves it.
A feed store guide to costing bulk feed and bagged SKUs at delivered cost—allocating inbound freight, choosing FIFO or weighted average, counting bulk bins to expose shrink, and reconciling the inventory subledger monthly.
Natural wild rice has a fixed August 15–September 30 season and a 9 a.m.–3 p.m. daily harvest window, so its bookkeeping must separate harvest, processing, inventory, and deferred customer deposits. This guide shows how to build a crop-based chart of accounts, treat preorders as a liability until earned, reconcile buyer settlements, and run a weekly cash check.
Farm payroll doesn't use Form 941. Learn how Form 943's annual filing, the $150 per-worker and $2,500 aggregate cash-wage tests for FICA and withholding, and the separate $20,000 FUTA threshold work in 2026, plus the bookkeeping split that keeps farm and nonfarm liabilities off the wrong return.
USDA has not issued 2025 Organic Certification Cost Share reimbursements as of August 2026 despite July authorization in the One Big Beautiful Bill — the program covers 75% up to $750 per scope for application, inspection, and equivalency fees while certification costs now exceed $2,800. This guide explains the expense-vs-income tax treatment, receivable tracking by scope, and the filing checklist to meet the December 31, 2026 deadline while FSA prioritizes $13 million in Bridge Assistance payments amid shutdown and staffing cuts.
The House passed a skinny 2026 Farm Bill (H.R. 7567) while the Senate committee stalled 10-11; here is what its sales-based specialty crop disaster framework, block grants, and LAMP local-food programs mean for small farms — and how to make your sales history audit-ready before the money moves.
