#cost-of-goods-sold
Cost of Goods Sold
Learn how to calculate and track cost of goods sold for inventory valuation
Private-Label Electronics NRE: How to Capitalize Tooling and Amortize It Per Unit
Non-recurring engineering (NRE) for a private-label electronics run commonly costs $50,000–$200,000. This guide explains why GAAP requires capitalizing molds and tooling instead of expensing them, how units-of-production amortization flows cost into COGS per unit ($100,000 tooling rated for 500,000 units = $0.20/unit), and why firmware follows different tax rules under IRC Section 174.
Private-Label Pet Food Bookkeeping: Costing a Co-Packer's Formulation Fees, MOQs, and Recall Reserves Before You Ever Sell a Bag
Private-label pet food carries costs no co-packer invoice shows — kibble MOQs of 20,000–40,000 lbs, per-state AAFCO registration fees from $30 to $3,500 a year, and recall exposure running 3–5× direct costs. How to structure a chart of accounts, amortize per-SKU formulation fees, and fund a recall reserve before your first production run.
The SEC's Key Tronic Settlement: What Fake WIP Entries and Out-of-Period Adjustments Teach Small Manufacturers
The SEC found Key Tronic's Oakdale plant inflated pre-tax income by ~$981,000 with fake "Monster Job" WIP entries — cutting one quarter's income 47% when corrected. Here's how the scheme exploited absorption costing, why the company paid no penalty, and the inventory controls small manufacturers should copy.
Storage Unit Auction Reselling: How to Book a Lot You've Never Seen Inside
How storage unit auction resellers allocate one lump-sum bid across an entire unit of unknown items — dividing by item count or by relative fair market value — plus the cash-method small-business inventory election, a lot-based chart of accounts, hobby-vs-business rules, and sales tax registration.
Storage Unit Auction Reselling Bookkeeping: How to Price a Lot You've Never Opened
How to keep books for storage-unit auction flips — allocate one winning bid across dozens of items with the relative fair value method, deduct COGS only when items sell, use the Section 471(c) small-business exception, and report income even below the $20,000/200-transaction 1099-K threshold.
Tailoring and Alterations Shop Bookkeeping: Separating Fabric COGS From Labor, Depreciating Equipment, and Knowing When You Need a Seller's Permit
Alteration labor on a new garment is often taxable while the same work on a used one is exempt — one of several rules that make tailoring shop bookkeeping tricky. How to split fabric COGS from labor revenue, depreciate sewing equipment via Section 179 or MACRS, and know when selling a single zipper triggers a seller's permit.
USTR's Forced-Labor Section 301 Tariffs: What 10–12.5% Duties on 60 Economies Mean for Small Importers
In June 2026, USTR concluded 60 simultaneous Section 301 investigations and proposed additional tariffs of 10% (economies with an unenforced forced-labor import ban, including Canada, Mexico, and the EU) or 12.5% (the 54 economies with no ban, including China, India, and Vietnam) — duties that stack on top of existing Section 232, IEEPA, and China 301 rates. Here is who is on each list, how the surcharge compounds landed cost, and five steps small importers should take before the final rate publishes.
Vending Machine Route Bookkeeping: Why Your Total Revenue Number Is Lying to You
Route-wide revenue totals hide losing machines. How vending operators track profit per machine: 5–25% location commissions on gross vs. net, cashless fees that reach 8–10% on sub-$2.25 transactions, and monthly per-machine shrinkage reconciliation.
Colorado's Tamale Act: What HB26-1033 Means for Cottage Food Businesses
Colorado's HB26-1033, the "Tamale Act," legalizes home-kitchen sales of tamales and other temperature-sensitive foods starting January 1, 2027, and raises the cottage food revenue cap from $10,000 to $150,000 per product per year. Here are the food-safety, labeling, and transport rules producers must meet — and the bookkeeping needed to run at the new scale.
Bookkeeping for Commercial Composting and Food-Waste Haulers: Tipping Fees, Volume Contracts, and Diversion Savings
With landfill tipping fees averaging $35–125 per ton and rising 3–7% annually, food-waste haulers and composting operators need books that separate revenue by contract type, track tipping fees by disposal site, and isolate contamination costs — here is a chart-of-accounts structure that makes landfill-diversion savings pitches defensible.
Etsy's DDP Mandate: What Non-US Sellers Must Change About Pricing and Bookkeeping
As of July 9, 2026, Etsy requires non-US sellers shipping to US buyers to use Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) — prepaying US tariffs and building them into the listing price — or lose Purchase Protection. This guide covers re-pricing by tariff category and why prepaid duties belong in inventory cost and COGS, not overhead.
Food Truck Bookkeeping: Food Cost Percentage, Commissary Fees, and Daily Cash Drops
Food trucks average about $346,000 in annual revenue but net only 6-9% margins. This guide covers the three numbers that decide profitability: keeping food cost between 28% and 35%, breaking commissary invoices ($300-$1,500/month) into trackable sub-accounts, and reconciling the cash drawer after every service.