#business-valuation
Business Valuation
Methods and best practices for determining the fair market value of a business
Earnouts in M&A: Bridging the Valuation Gap Without Walking Into a Lawsuit
About one third of 2024 private-target M&A deals included an earnout, and median earnout potential rose to roughly 43% of the closing payment. This guide explains contingent purchase price structure, Section 453 installment-sale tax mechanics, the compensation-versus-purchase-price trap, and the recurring drafting mistakes behind six of the last seven major Delaware decisions favoring sellers.
Valuing a Closely-Held Business: Asset, Income, and Market Approaches for Exits, Buyouts, and Estate Transfers
Three valuation approaches — asset, income, and market — can produce 50% differences in indicated value for the same closely-held business. This guide explains when each fits, how DLOM and DLOC discounts apply, and what records owners need before a sale, partner buyout, or estate transfer.
Section 6166 Estate Tax Deferral for Closely-Held Businesses: The 14-Year Installment Election in 2026
How executors of closely-held business estates use IRC Section 6166 to defer federal estate tax across 14 years at a 2% rate, with the 2026 inflation-adjusted $1.94M base, the 35% eligibility test, election mechanics, and the acceleration events that kill the deferral.
The Connelly Trap: How a Unanimous Supreme Court Decision Broke Decades of Buy-Sell Agreements—and What Co-Owners Must Do Now
Connelly v. United States, decided unanimously on June 6, 2024, ruled that company-owned life insurance proceeds count toward a deceased shareholder's estate—adding $889,914 in federal estate tax for one Missouri family. This guide explains why redemption-funded buy-sell agreements now backfire and walks through five workable alternatives, including cross-purchase structures, insurance LLCs, and ILITs.
409A Valuations: A Founder's Guide to Stock Option Strike Prices and Safe Harbors
A 409A valuation is the IRS-recognized appraisal that sets the strike price on every option grant. Without one, founders risk 20% federal excise penalties, premium interest, and California's 5% piggyback tax — all falling on the employee.
Cap Table Management for Startups: A Practical Guide from Seed to Exit
A practical guide to managing a startup cap table from incorporation to exit — covering SAFEs, priced rounds, option pool sizing, 409A valuations, vesting mechanics, dilution math, and the diligence-ready habits that prevent costly equity surprises.
Business Valuation: How to Determine What Your Company Is Worth
Learn how to determine what your business is worth using the four main valuation methods: asset-based, earnings multiple (SDE/EBITDA), market-based, and discounted cash flow. Includes formulas, industry multiples, and tips to increase your company's value.
Business Succession Planning: A Complete Guide for Small Business Owners
Learn how to create a business succession plan that protects your legacy. Covers the five main succession options, buy-sell agreements, business valuation, tax planning, and a step-by-step timeline for small business owners.
EBITDA: What It Is, How to Calculate It, and Why Your Business Needs It
Learn what EBITDA is, how to calculate it with step-by-step examples, and why this key financial metric matters for business valuation, investor comparisons, and operational performance analysis.